The election of a new pope is announced with smoke: what do the colours mean, and how are they made?

For almost 800 years, the Catholic Church has employed the conclave process to select a new pope. The term “conclave” means “with a key,” which indicates that the cardinal-electors are locked up with a key for their discussions.

During the papal election, smoke is used to indicate the outcome of the voting and announce the election of a new pope. Black smoke signifies that a new pope has not been chosen, while white smoke indicates the election of a new pope.

The tradition of using smoke signals dates back to ancient times when they were used for communication over long distances. Indigenous peoples have long utilized smoke signals to convey messages such as danger, gatherings, news, and warnings.

Catholics incorporate the use of incense in various rituals to symbolize prayer, sacrifice, and reverence. The fragrant smoke represents the prayers of the congregation rising to God as a symbol of supplication and praise.

During the conclave, the cardinal-electors communicate with the outside world using smoke signals sent through a chimney specially installed in the Sistine Chapel for the occasion. The tradition of burning the ballots dates back centuries, with white smoke indicating the election of a new pope since 1914.

Chemicals are now used to produce either black or white smoke during the conclave to avoid confusion among those awaiting the announcement of the new pope. The smoke signals allow the cardinals to communicate directly with the faithful outside the conclave.